The palila (Loxioides bailleui) is a small, finch-billed honeycreeper endemic to the Hawaiian island of Hawai’i. It is one of the rarest birds in the United States, with a population of only around 1,200 individuals. The palila is critically endangered due to habitat loss, predation by introduced animals, and competition from other birds.

Description

The palila is a medium-sized bird, measuring about 6 inches in length. It has a bright yellow head and breast, with a gray back and white underparts. The male has a black mask around its eyes, while the female has a gray mask. The palila’s bill is thick and finch-like, and it is adapted for eating the seeds of the māmane tree (Sophora chrysophylla).

Habitat

The palila is found in high-elevation dry forests on the western slopes of Mauna Kea volcano. These forests are characterized by their open canopy and sparse vegetation. The māmane tree is the most important food source for the palila, and the bird’s distribution is closely tied to the distribution of this tree.

Diet

The palila’s diet consists mainly of the seeds of the māmane tree. The bird also eats māmane flowers, buds, and leaves, as well as the berries of the naio (Myoporum sandwicense) shrub. The palila’s thick bill is adapted for cracking open the hard seeds of the māmane tree.

Behavior

The palila is a solitary bird for most of the year. However, during the breeding season, males will defend small territories. The palila is a quiet bird, and its only vocalization is a soft whistle.

Reproduction

The palila breeding season is from March to June. The female builds a cup-shaped nest out of twigs, grasses, and lichens. The nest is usually placed in a māmane tree, but it may also be placed in a naio shrub. The female lays 2-3 eggs, which are incubated by both parents for about 12 days. The chicks fledge from